ONLINE DRIVERS MEDIA

"No sun, no diabesity protection." The evidence is equivocal and the number of studies low, but there is evidence that this statement could be true.

Ok, its November and not exactly sunny in the Northern hemisphere, but if you look back at the months June-August, how much sun exposure did you actually get, this year? Hardly any? Well, thats bad news, because a recent review of the scant scientific evidence suggests that there is "a role of recreational sun exposure in reducing odds of T2DM incidence" (Shore-Lorenti. 2014).

In view of the fact that the contemporarily available evidence is not exactly comprehensive, you should yet consider the following overview of the potential effects and mechanism as a "work in progress".
As Shore-Lorenti et al. point out, the recent International Diabetes Federation (IDF) Diabetes Atlas (6th edition) describes a snapshot of the global diabetes burden in 2013 and projects this forward to the year 2035.1 Cur rently, an estimated 382 million global citizens have diabetes, costing around $1437 USD in 2013 for each person affected by the condition. Projections based on current trends predict that 592 million people will be living with diabetes by 2035; one in ten people will be affected, with an inordinate amount of fund ing required globally to treat diabetes and manage diabetic com plications ($627 billion USD in 2035).

And while scientists are feverishly searching for a solution for the diabesity epidemic, the ongoing research into the effectiveness of vitamin D supplementation in diabetes have yielded inconsistent results (Mitri. 2011). Against that background it appears almost negligent that only few scientists have yet taken a closer look at the factors that trigger vitamin D sufficiency or rather the global low vitamin D epidemia.

Lack of sun"low vitamin D" - thats not all!

Figure 1: Australians who use sunscreen chronically have 50% reduced vitamin D levels (Matsuoka. 1988)

A lack of sufficient (unprotected) sun exposure - previous studies have shown that chronic sunscreen use decreases circulating concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin (Figure 1 | Matsuoka. 1988) - is one of the factors of which researchers speculate that it contributes to the development of vitamin D deficiency even in those of us who live in areas with a high annual sun-exposure.

Now, if restoring the 25-OHD (vitamin D) levels to normal does not work the anti-diabetic magic it is supposed to do and our D-levels are low due to insufficient sun-exposure, it appears only logical to assume that a lack sun-exposure and not a lack of vitamin D is one of the factors that contributes to the ever-increasing rates of diabesity - in conjunction with the usual subjects, obviously: The consumption of a junk-food diet and a lack of exercise, which is without doubt the #1 reason people in the Western Obesity Belt develop obesity, diabetes and the other characteristics of the metabolic syndrome.

Against that background its all the more surprising that evidence for an association between sun exposure and fasting serum glucose level is scarce.

"Typically, the lowest glucose levels occur during summer and levels peak in winter or early spring. One of these analyses [Shore-Lorenti et al. reviewed] went beyond simply observing trends in fasting glucose throughout the year: fasting plasma glucose was positively correlated with a measure of available sun and inversely correlated with temperature." (Shore-Lorenti. 2014)

The study, the researchers from the University of Melbourne have in mind was conducted by Suarez, L. & Barrett-Connor, E. in 1988, already.
If you look at the data Suaraez & Barret-Connor generated, you can see - even without their statistical sophisticated analysis - that there is a significant correlation between possible sun exposure (Figure 1, left) and the fasting plasma glucose levels (Figure 1, right).
Since physical activity may follow a similar circannual rhythm, its yet difficult to exclude that the effects Suarez & Barret-Connor observed were not corroborated (or corrupted?) by an increase in physical activity. However, Shore-Lorenti et al. believe that ...

"[...c]onsidering that the unadjusted analyses and three of four of the studies included in the best evidence synthesis (including the study adjusting for physical activity) are in agreement, it is possible that future research may confirm that sun exposure reduces fasting glucose" (Shore-Lorenti. 2014).

Shore-Lorenti et al. also point out that the highest level of evidence (moderate) for an association between sun exposure and T2DM outcomes in adults originates from the study by Lindqvist et al. (2010). In their paper, the researchers from the Karolinska University Hospital report a reduction in odds of developing T2DM given increased recreational (rather than occupational) sun exposure. 

Figure 2: Leisure time sun exposure is associated with a significantly reduced risk (up to 50%!) of developing T2DM in Swedish adults (Lindqvist. 2010)

In subjects with a low BMI the beneficial effect of using the tanning bed and sunbathing is even more pronounced (-60% risk). In the obese, however, it is significantly reduced (-10%) compared to the average reductions you see in Figure 2.

The fact that only leisure time, but not occupational sun exposure was linked to a significant reduced risk of developing type II diabetes may, as Shore-Lorenti et al. point out be due ...

"[...] to the frequency of sun exposure (perhaps leading to tolerance), duration, intensity and site of exposure (sun protective clothing and behaviour differences between the two settings), or perhaps selection biases for such work (for example, fair-skinned people may avoid occupational sun exposure or a less healthy lifestyle may be associated with manual labour)."

Incidentally, a similar disparity between recreational and occupational sun exposure is well described for risk of developing melanoma (Chang. 2009).

A review by Chen et al. (2008) provides low-level evidence for an association between sun exposure and fasting insulin levels; fasting serum insulin was higher in summer than in winter. Overall, the results are yet inconclusive. A fact, Shore-Lorenti et al. ascribe to "the lack of adjustments made by the included study – particularly for BMI" (Shore-Lorenti. 2014)
Overall, we are thus left with the above overview (Table 1) as a conclusion of which the mere number of "unkown"s and "inconsistent"s tell you that we are not yet at the point to draw a water-proof conclusion.
References:

• Chang, Yu-mei, et al. "Sun exposure and melanoma risk at different latitudes: a pooled analysis of 5700 cases and 7216 controls." International journal of epidemiology (2009): dyp166. 
• Chen, Shui-Hu, et al. "Community-based study on summer-winter difference in insulin resistance in Kin-Chen, Kinmen, Taiwan." Journal of the Chinese Medical Association 71.12 (2008): 619-627.
• Lindqvist, Pelle G., Håkan Olsson, and Mona Landin-Olsson. "Are active sun exposure habits related to lowering risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women, a prospective cohort study?." Diabetes research and clinical practice 90.1 (2010): 109-114.
• Mitri, J., M. D. Muraru, and A. G. Pittas. "Vitamin D and type 2 diabetes: a systematic review." European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 65.9 (2011): 1005-1015.
• Nelemans, P. J., et al. "An addition to the controversy on sunlight exposure and melanoma risk: a meta-analytical approach." Journal of clinical epidemiology 48.11 (1995): 1331-1342.
• Shore?Lorenti, Catherine, et al. "Shining the Light on Sunshine: a systematic review of the influence of sun exposure on type 2 diabetes mellitus?related outcomes." Clinical endocrinology (2014).
• Suarez, L., and E. Barrett-Connor. "Seasonal variation in fasting plasma glucose levels in man." Diabetologia 22.4 (1982): 250-253. 

If you dont have ginger powder, just shred a fresh rhizome. Thats by the way what the researchers did, as well.

Yeah, we all know "Ginger is good for your glucose metabolism". We all know "there are dozens of rodent studies that support its benefits". And we also know that there is evidence from acute interventions that indicate that ginger can ameliorate the glucose response to oral glucose tolerance tests.

But do we know, whether the regular consumption of realistic amounts of pure ginger will have beneficial effects on the glucose levels of those who would benefit the most, i.e. type II aka "lifestyle" diabetics?
The results of the latest study from the Tehran University of Medical Sciences where scientists obviously dont depend on being able to produce patentable agents would suggest: There are benefits!

I have to admit, though, the ginger the 20-60 years old diabetics consumed was not provided in form of whole roots, but rather as a powder made of ginger roots.

"The under study patients were diagnosed with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) by an endocrinologist on the basis of the results of the blood tests and met the criteria of the study. These criteria included: disease duration at least 2 years, HbA1c level of 6-8%, taking no antioxidant supplements such as selenium, zinc and beta-carotene for at least 3 months prior to the study, no smoking and drinking. Exclusion criteria of the study were insulin therapy at baseline or during the study, changes in the type or dose of medication, changes in diet or daily physical activity, any acute illnesses or some chronic diseases including kidney, liver, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal diseases, smoking pregnancy and lactation, consumption of ginger or other botanical supplements, ginger hypersensitivity, and consumption of less than 80% of supplements during the study period." (Khandouzi. 2015)

Patients were divided randomly into two groups (experiment and control, 25 subjects in each) using computers random numbers to receive either ginger or placebo one capsule twice a day for 12 weeks. All subjects were permitted to consume their usual medications according to their physicians recommendation.

Regular ginger powder, nothing else!

The fresh rhizomes for the ginger powder purchased from local market and were ground as a fine particle after drying. The powder was delivered to a pharmaceutical lab (Tehran university of medical sciences, Iran) to prepare capsules containing 1 gram ginger in each. Lactose was also used to make placebo. Information on when the supplements were ingested is unfortunately, not available, but I assume "twice daily" means with breakfast and dinner or something like that.

Figure 1: Changes in fasting blood sugar, HbA1C, Apo-B/Apo-A1 and MDA levels (Khandouzi. 2015).

What is available, is the most relevant information, i.e. glucose, apolipoproteins and MDA levels we can use to access the effects on glucose and lipid metabolism and the peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids.Parameters of which the data in Figure 1 tells you that they were significantly improved over the course of the 12-week study period. More specifically, this means:

• A 12% and 10% reduction in fasting blood glucose and HbA1c that may reduce many of the nasty chronic side effects of type II diabetes, such as its negative effects on heart health (Patel. 2008)
• A 28% reduction in the Apo B / Apo A-I ratio that signifies a significant reduction in coronary atherosclerosis risk (Van Stiphout. 1986)
• A 23% reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels that signifies a reduction in coronary heart disease risk (Khan. 2000)

Overall, there is thus little question that something as simple as adding 2g of pulverized fresh Zingiber officinale rhizomes will have a significant impact on important health markers in middle-aged type II diabetics.
References:

• Khan, Mudassir Ahmad, and Abdul Baseer. "Increased malondialdehyde levels in coronary heart disease." J Pak Med Assoc 50.8 (2000): 261-264.
• Khandouzi, Nafiseh, et al. "The Effects of Ginger on Fasting Blood Sugar, Hemoglobin A1c, Apolipoprotein B, Apolipoprotein AI and Malondialdehyde in Type 2 Diabetic Patients." Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research: IJPR 14.1 (2015): 131.
• Patel, Anushka, et al. "Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes." (2008).
• Schweizer, A., et al. "Comparison between vildagliptin and metformin to sustain reductions in HbA1c over 1 year in drug?naïve patients with Type 2 diabetes." Diabetic Medicine 24.9 (2007): 955-961.
• Van Stiphout, W. A. H. J., et al. "Is the ratio of apo B/apo AI an early predictor of coronary atherosclerosis?." Atherosclerosis 62.2 (1986): 179-182.

Thin, bright, and clear, the chains three words that can describe the latest masterpiece from Samsung. Dual core processor, Super AMOLED Plus display, as well as slim size are the three most notable advantages of the or also known by another name Samsung i9100.


Formal specification Samsung Galaxy S II GT-i9100 :

Quad Band GSM / GPRS / EDGE 850/900/1800/1900 MHz
HSDPA 850/900/1900/2100 Mhz
Gingerbread Android 2.3 OS with TouchWiz customizable display 4
The touch screen measures 4.3-inch capacitive AMOLED Super Plus with a depth of 16 million color WVGA resolution (480 x 800 pixels) equipped with a gorilla glass
Resolution of 8 MP autofocus camera equipped with wide-angle lens and LED flash and front camera resolution 2 megapixel camera
1080p resolution video recording at 30 fps
Connectivity Dual-band Wi-Fi 802.11 b / g / n and Bluetooth version 3.0
GPS with A-GPS
Options for 16GB/32GB internal memory and external microSD slot (up to 32GB)
Sensor accelerometer, gyroscope, and proximity
3.5mm standard audio jack
Out HDMI support using portUSB
ARMv7 processor 1.0 Ghz and Dual Core 1 GB RAM
FM radio with RDS support
Android Mobile is currently the thinnest (8.5mm)
The browser supports flash
NFC support
Features for editing documents
Support for open multiple video file formats
For information only, we review the version of the Dual Core 1.0 Ghz version.
Hardware

Design  looks more elegant when compared to the SGS I.  uses a dark-colored plastic material on the whole the phone. Plastic material chosen and its use is not without cause, is to press in order to be light weight mobile phone even if the dimensions are large.

Forget the problems of materials by cell phone, now we go on the discussion of mobile phone screen. uses a capacitive touch screen measuring 4.3 inches AMOLED Super Plus with a depth of 16 million color WVGA resolution (480 x 800 pixels) equipped with a glass that gorilla looks very, very riveting our eyes. Honestly I increase the screen to the SGS  looks pretty signifkan although both use the AMOLED screen type, but the has added a frill Plus as an increase in color depth and brightness of colors. In addition, the AMOLED screen Super Plus is claimed to be more efficient when compared with the batery Super AMOLED display on the SGS I.

We compare three mobile phone screen as the iPhone is comparable to 4, SGS II, and LG Optimus 2X to play HD resolution video clips. When we compare us to the conclusion that the iPhone screen 4 has a natural screen, the screen was white and did not look bluish or reddish.  screen looks a little reddish, black level, looks very concentrated so that the sharpness of the color and brightness of the colors are very, very good. While Optimus 2X LG screen looks reddish color so neutral, although somewhat less sharp. For information, there is a choice of color modes such as dynamic, standard, and movie and for testing we used the standard mode.

Below is a video demo at  plays Full HD 1080p resolution video that we download from YouTube. SGS II screen really amaze our eyes.


Inter-face view

Display interface belongs to  has experienced an increase in the presence of the typical appearance of the latest Samsung TouchWiz 4.0 (SGS I use TouchWiz 3.0). The first change is most noticeable is on the lock screen, if usually shifted laterally now you can open the lock screen by sliding the screen lock screen any direction you want.


On display widget also there is a change, if at SGS I you want to use 2 widget then you have to add double tap on the home screen widgets, SGS II now on you can choose which widgets you want to apply with just one pressing add widgets and free to choose to place the widget on the home screen display is available. If the Samsung Android phone only comes with a choice of wallpapers that impress live-thats it, now is equipped with the latest selection of live wallpaper that looks more attractive. For the latest information just live wallpaper found on the SGS II is connected to the AccuWeather weather forecast so that the wallpaper will fit with the existing weather conditions. For example, rainy weather will come to eat a live wallpaper rain.

There are a total of 7 screens home screen you can attach it. By default, there are only 3 pieces of the display home screen, but if you feel a lot less you can add up to 7 pieces of screen home screen.

To view notifications you can scroll down the screen towards the top, but it also contained manjemen connectivity on-screen notification of

The menu is displayed with the display side, you can create a new folder or a new menu page with ease. One more new feature available on the SGS II, you can share applications directly from the menu using the Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Email, etc..

Integrated Phonebook

As a smart phone,  has no storage limits on the phonebook. Phonebook is terintergasi with social networking accounts and Gmail, and this has become a standard Android phone today. One drawback of this phone, can not display the phonebook contacts on the SIM card. You have to move the contact on the SIM phonebook lartu phone in advance if you want to see that there are contacts on your SIM card

There are two storage areas, namely on the Google Account contacts and phone memory. Available personal contact details such as photos, personal ringtones, email address, etc..


Input Text and Messaging Features

There are several ways to input text using a QWERTY keyboard like the portrait / landscape, Recognize Handwriting, and alphanumeric keypad. There is no typical Samsung Swype input method because the test unit we reviewed is not yet the final version that will be sold later.


Samsung Galaxy S II can be used to send messages such as SMS, MMS, Email, and IM. Incorporated into a single SMS with MMS editor, to change the SMS to MMS you can add multimedia content to the SMS. There is a 160 character message that you can use to send SMS.

For email, you can use Google like Gmail the default email. For other email you can email settings manually.

For there are innate Gtalk IM, to use other IM you can download it on the Android Market.

Multimedia

Music Players

The music player comes with the typical look of Android, a music player will separate the songs on the album, singer, and all the songs. When songs are played album art display. EQ options such as auto, normal, pop, rock, jazz, dance, classical, live, and the custom has been found on the music player. 3D sound effects you can use, but you must use a headset to listen to 3D sound effect. The sound quality speakers sound good, bass and treble sound on song genres beat up the Black Eyed Peas can be played well. In addition, we tried to play classical music for more detailed testing with a selection of classic EQ, speaker voice also sounds just as good. Two Thumbs up for music player


Photo Gallery

 photo gallery gallery looks the same as other Android phones, there is no customization of the appearance of photo galleries SGS II which comes with a 3D display. Zoom-in images can be done in three ways such as tapping the screen as fast as much as 2x, to pinch and zoom, as well as use the zoom-in virtual. As a dual-core mobile processor, the speed of SGS II in zoom-in no doubt, there is no rendering at zoom-in pictures that we took from our DSLR cameras. Can you share photos via Bluetooth, AllSharem Picasa, and Wi-Fi.


Video Player

SGS II default video player can play many video formats such as WMV, AVI (DivX and XviD), MP4, and MKV (H.264). All videos can be played smoothly without any visible fractures resolution except 1080p MKV video format that we test. For information, to other video formats except MKV what we test, all the minimal resolution HD video.

FM radio with RDS support

SGS II is equipped with FM radio feature with RDS support. FM radio display look simple, so easy to use. Radio station you can search manually or automatically and you can save.


Connectivity

running on a Quad Band GSM / GPRS / EDGE 850/900/1800/1900 MHz and HSDPA 850/900/1900/2100 Mhz. For local connectivity there is Wi-Fi 802.11 b / g / n Dual Band which runs at 2.4GHz and 5GHz networks with AllShare DLNA support and Wi-Fi Tethering and Bluetooth version 3.0 with a high transfer speeds. For the exchange of data to a mobile phone to PC or vice versa you can use the data cable. SGS II has support HDMI out for watching video from mobile phone on your HD TV screen. The latter are NFC application in Indonesia which can not be done.


For information, there are no ports on the SGS II MiniHDMI, instead there is a port where SFM is the same shape as MicroUSB port. Port SFM can be used to transfer video and fill out batery.

Browser

SGS II browsers already support Flash 10.1 for ARMv7 processor usage. SGSs Flash II can play a flash game CityVille Facebook and YouTube as we test desktop version. High-resolution screen SGS IIs very indulgent eye while browsing, kinetic scrolling and pinch and zoom was very fast and there is no significant lag.

The browser can be used to open up to a maximum of 8 tab windows. With support for dual core processors, 1080p resolution video on YouTube can be easily played on SGSI II.

Samsung Hub

There are three new pieces in addition to Social Hub Hub included with the Samsung Android phone before the Games Hub, Music Hub, and Readers Hub. As usual, the social hub serves to accommodate e-mail and social networks like Facebook, Twitter, MySpace. After menggisikan email accounts and social networks will be able to see your friends status updates.

Game Hub allows you to download the game and play multiplayer games with other people who also have a game similar to that of the SGS II you through the Internet. There are two games social gaming options and premium games. There is also the option to try to play the game first before you buy.

Readers Hub allows you to read e-books and e-book download. There are several e-book options such as newspapers, magazines, and books.

Music Hub allows you to see In the song being online by categories such as top charts, new releases, etc.. You can also listen to the songs you want before you buy.


GPS navigation with Google Maps Help

Samsung Galaxy S II comes with Google Maps default version 5 (5.2.1) with maps that can display a 3D view. Large screen is very convenient when we use to navigate. As yet there is 3D information in Indonesia, you can use others such as satellite view, street view, and terrain.

When we test a GPS, it was not until 3 minutes has been connected with the GPS satellites, this is because of the support A-GPS to speed up satellite lock position.

Congenital Applications 

Polaris Office

Office applications can be used to open and edit office documents like doc, xls, pdf, and doc. This application can not be used to create a new office document files can only be used to open and edit a document file.

AllShare

This feature is useful for sharing multimedia files like photos, videos, songs using Wi-Fi with DLNA support to other electronic devices that also support AllShare and DLNA certified.

MyFiles

These applications serve to manage files and folders located on your SGS II. Functions the same as other file manager on the phone. There are several functions such as copy, cut, and paste.

Kies Air

Kies Air is mengubungkan mobile application for the PC. You can control all contained on the phone such as contacts, video, photos, songs, web url, microSD, messages, etc. using your PC provided you have a PC with SGS II mengubungkan you use Wi-Fi network


Photo Editor

We already know the name of this application is an application for editing photos. This application is not the application of photo nuts, there are many features to make your photos look more colorful and impressive.

Task Manager

This feature allows you to see the running applications, remove applications that are on the phone, and shut down (task kill) the application is running.

Performance and Benchmarking

Samsung Galaxy S II that we have dual core processors still use version 1.0 Ghz and 1 GB of RAM. Below are the results of benchmarking of

Quadrant Standard 1903 points
Antutu: 3809 points
Neocore: 58.5 fps
Multitouch Test: 10 touches

Although SGS II trials that we still use the dual core processor 1.0 GHz version, but it already feels powerful mobile performance. Like when playing 1080p video resolution that looks smooth AVI format as well as zoom-in and kinetic scrolling. Imagine if the SGS II that will go to Indonesia was the processor version 1.2, how it performs.

Camera

SGS II is equipped with 8 megapixel resolution camera equipped with autofocus LED flash lights, sedangkang on the front there is a 2 megapixel camera which is used to photograph and make video calls. There are settings you can use the camera as the flash mode, shooting mode, scene mode, EV, focus mode, timer, resolution options, white balance, ISO, metering, geotagging, and as much as 4x digital zoom.

Video Recorder

1080p resolution video camera recording at 30 fps and the result is stored in the MP4 format. Below is the video recordings SGS II.

Battery


 uses batery Li-Ion 1650 mAh which can hold up to 710 hours (2G) and 610 hours (3G) for standby. When used to make calls, mobile phones can last up to 18 h 20 min (2G) and 8 h 40 min (3G).

Conclusion

This phone looks very good on the screen that uses Super AMOLED Plus, in addition to support dual-core processor performance of the more perfect it.

Pros:

Sharpness is very impressive screens
A good mobile performance
The results clearly yng camera
The sound quality is good
Video player that can play many video formats

Weaknesses:

Material for the cell phone made from plastics
There is no camera shutter button
There is no memory slot hotswap

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