Showing posts with label post. Show all posts
Showing posts with label post. Show all posts
Wednesday, April 6, 2016
Amino Acid Supplement With High Amount of Isoleucine Increases Clearance of Dextrose Supplement But Impairs Post Workout Glycogen Resynthesis in Man Implications
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| Post-Workout High Isoleucine AA+CHO Decreases Glucose Spikes, But Impairs Musclular Glyocogen Resynthesis - Reason Enough to Skip Amino Acids? |
In their latest study Wang and colleagues from the University of Texas at Austin and the Shanghai Research Institute of Sports Science did just that: They studied the effects isoleucine and four additional amino acids, on blood glucose homeostasis and glycogen synthesis after strenuous exercise.
Learn more about amino acid and BCAA supplements at the SuppVersity
Glutamine Helps W/ Diabetes
Whey + Casein Beat GLU + BCAA
Alanyl-Glutamine is it any good?
GLU for Glycogen Repletion?
GLU as Intra-Workout BV?
BCAAs deplete neurotransmitters
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| Table 1: Subjects’ characteristics (Wang. 2015). |
The actual tests consisted of cycling on an ergometer to deplete muscle glycogen. Blood sampling and a muscle biopsy were performed immediately on cessation of exercise. After the muscle biopsy, subjects were given the first of two supplement doses. More specifically they received either..."Two to three days after the VO2max test, the subjects reported to the laboratory to perform a practice ride to familiarize them with the laboratory environment and the experimental protocol. The practice ride was also used to adjust and verify appropriate workloads for the experimental trials. The practice rides simulated the protocol ride but without blood samples or muscle biopsies being taken. The ride consisted of cycling at 70 % VO2max for 2 h, which was followed by five 1-min sprints at 85 % VO2max. The sprints were separated by 1 min cycling at 45 % VO2max. During the first 15 min of each hour, oxygen uptake was measured for 5 min to verify workload.
Figure 1: Basically the AA supplement contained almost exclusively isoleucine. It was administered in the dosage shown above and at twice that amount in the LAA and HAA trials (Wang. 2015)
Water (250 mL) was provided every 20 min of exercise. Heart rate (HR) was monitored and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) on a Borg-scale (ranging from 6 to 20) were collected every 30 min of exercise. The practice ride and each of the following three experimental trials were separated by a minimum of 7 days and maximum of 12 days" (Wang. 2015).
- 1.2 g carbohydrate/kg body weight (CHO), 1.2 g carbohydrate/kg body weight plus 6.5 g AA (CHO/LAA) or
- the same carbohydrate supplement plus 6.5g (CHO/LAA) or 13 g AA (CHO/HAA)
Why would you even believe that there may be benefits from AA supplementation?
As Wang et al. point out, "this amino acid mixture was selected as it was previously reported to be more effective in lowering the blood glucose response to a glucose challenge than isoleucine alone" (Wang. 2015) by Bernard et al. (2011).
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Figure 2: Blood glucose AUC during the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Sprague-Dawley rats were gavaged with either glucose (CHO), glucose plus a 5-amino acid mixture (CHO-AA-1), glucose plus a 5-amino acid mixture with increased leucine concentration (CHO-AA-2), or placebo (PLA). Blood was taken from the tail immediately before the gavage and 15, 30, 60, and 120 min afterward (Bernard. 2011). |
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| Figure 3: Blood glucose postexercise and during the 4-h recovery. Treatments were with CHO (circle), CHO/LAA (triangle), and CHO/HAA (filled circle) supplements provided immediately after and 2 h after exercise. Values are mean ± SE. CHO/HAA vs. CHO (*p < 0.05). CHO/LAA vs. CHO (# p < 0.05) - left; Blood glucose area under the curve (AUC) during the 4-h recovery. Treatments were CHO, CHO/LAA, and CHO/HAA supplements provided immediately after and 2 h after exercise. AUC was calculated with baseline (pre). Values are mean ± SE. CHO/HAA vs. CHO (*p < 0.05). CHO/LAA vs. CHO (# p < 0.05) - right (Wang. 2015). |
Glucose modulation without glycogen optimization?! How does that work? Well, obviously glucose can also be oxidized or used to replete ATP in the muscle. It is at least no real news that isoleucine will decrease glucose levels in the blood and increase glucose uptake in the muscle without, however, producing increased glycogen levels. For example, Doi et al. (2005) reported that an oral administration of 1.35 g/kg isoleucine in food-deprived rats significantly decreased the plasma glucose concentration and increased glucose uptake in the muscle of rats without an increase in muscle glycogen storage.
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| Figure 4: Total muscle glycogen storage in the vastus lateralis during the 4-h recovery from intense cycling. Treatments were CHO, CHO/LAA, and CHO/HAA supplements provided immediately after and 2 h after exercise. Values are mean ± SE. CHO/HAA vs. CHO (*p < 0.05 | Wang. 2015) |
As the data in Figure 4 shows, the exact opposite was the case. After 4h of recovery the muscle glycogen levels were not higher, but lower in the amino acid supplemented trials.
For diabetics this wouldnt be a problem. For athletes its yet clearly a disadvantage that the 4-g recovery glycogen levels were lower and significantly lower in the low and high dose amino acid supplement trials.
Eventually this result is surprising because specifically in the high amino acid group (a) the insulin levels, (b) the AS160, a protein that controls insulin mediated glucose uptake, (c) the mTOR & p-AKT levels, (d) the "exercise hormon" levels of serum irisin and (e) the levels of glycogen synthase which stores carbs in forms of glycogen in the high dose AA trials were significantly elevated.
Bottom line: While the study at hand did confirm that isoleucine (in conjunctio with other, but probably irrelevant amino acids) will improve the glucose response to high GI carbohydrates, it did not confirm the assumption that this makes isoleucine the ideal intra- and/or post-workout amino acid to optimize glycogen synthesis and thus post-workout recovery. For diabetics the increase in insulin and the corresponding decrease in glucose response still is a major plus. This assumes that the insulin increase occurs in the obese (in previous studies by Wang et al. (2012) an increased insulin release to a high isoleucine AA mixture was not observed) and / or that there is an independent effect of the amino acid mixture on glucose uptake in the muscle or the periphery.
For athletes, however, it appears to be detrimental as it reduces the rate of muscle glycogen synthesis after workouts and puts a questionmark behind the "repartitioning effects" of amino acids - if there is a repartitioning effect involved, here, it would be away from the glyocogen stores of your muscle. An effect that may be related to the increase in mTOR which triggers protein synthesis via p70S6k which inactivates the glycogen synthase kinase-3 (Armstrong. 2001). This would indicate that you cannot have both maximal protein & glycogen synthesis and thus relativize the obvious conclusion that isoleucine supplements are not suitable for athletes. What it wont do, though, is to provide the missing evidence that amino acid supplements have an advantage over whey, which has been shown to increase glycogen synthesis and storage (Morifuji. 2005, 2010; Zawadzki. 1992; Ivy. 2002, 2008) - why would you use AAs, then? | Comment on Facebook!
References: |
| In contrast to the high isoleucine amino acid supplement that was used in the study at hand, plain whey protein does increase glycogen storage after workouts - significantly, as the data Ivy et al. generated in a 2004 randomized controlled human study involving well-conditioned subjects observed (Ivy. 2004). |
- Armstrong, Jane L., et al. "Regulation of glycogen synthesis by amino acids in cultured human muscle cells." Journal of biological Chemistry 276.2 (2001): 952-956.
- Bernard, Jeffrey R., et al. "An amino acid mixture improves glucose tolerance and insulin signaling in Sprague-Dawley rats." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 300.4 (2011): E752-E760.
- Doi, Masako, et al. "Isoleucine, a potent plasma glucose-lowering amino acid, stimulates glucose uptake in C2C12 myotubes." Biochemical and biophysical research communications 312.4 (2003): 1111-1117.
- Ivy, John L., et al. "Early postexercise muscle glycogen recovery is enhanced with a carbohydrate-protein supplement." Journal of Applied Physiology 93.4 (2002): 1337-1344.
- Ivy, J. L., et al. "Post exercise carbohydrate–protein supplementation: phosphorylation of muscle proteins involved in glycogen synthesis and protein translation." Amino acids 35.1 (2008): 89-97.
- Morifuji, Masashi, et al. "Dietary whey protein increases liver and skeletal muscle glycogen levels in exercise-trained rats." British journal of nutrition 93.04 (2005): 439-445.
- Morifuji, Masashi, et al. "Post-exercise carbohydrate plus whey protein hydrolysates supplementation increases skeletal muscle glycogen level in rats." Amino acids 38.4 (2010): 1109-1115.
- Wang, Bei, et al. "Amino acid mixture acutely improves the glucose tolerance of healthy overweight adults." Nutrition Research 32.1 (2012): 30-38.
- Zawadzki, K. M., B. B. Yaspelkis, and J. L. Ivy. "Carbohydrate-protein complex increases the rate of muscle glycogen storage after exercise." J Appl Physiol 72.5 (1992): 1854-9.
Sunday, March 27, 2016
Working Out 45 Min After Dinner Improves Post Meal Blood Glucose Trigs More Effectively Than Working Out Before
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| Resistance training alone wont make up for a sloppy diet - no matter if you do it before or after meals. |
Abnormally elevated postprandial glucose and triacylglycerol (TAG) concentrations are strong risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients with type-2 diabetes. Therefore, scientists expect that interventions that reduce postprandial glucose and TAG concentrations should lower the risk of CVD (Krook. 2003; OGorman. 2008).
Learn more about the effects of your diet on your health at the SuppVersity
Only Whey, Not Soy Works for Wheytloss
Taste Matters - Role of the Taste Receptors
Dairy Protein Satiety Shoot-Out: Casein vs. Whey
How Much Carbs Before Fat is Unhealthy?
5 Tips to Improve & Maintain Insulin Sensitivity
Carbohydrate Shortage in Paleo Land
"One potential explanation why some patients with type-2 diabetes do not have beneficial changes in postprandial glucose and TAG with acute exercise is because of the timing of the acute exercise session relative to meal consumption. Limited evidence suggests that the timing of aerobic exercise around a meal may be important and might explain why some individuals are exercise “insensitive” or “non responders”." (Heden. 2014)The only study to directly compare the effect of pre-meal and post-meal aerobic exercise on postprandial glucose concentrations in patients with type-2 diabetes showed that post-dinner, but not pre-dinner walking, lowered postprandial glucose concentrations (Colberg. 2009).
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| Figure 1: Previous studies indicate that aerobic workouts after meals have more beneficial effects on the potentially unhealthy increases in glucose or triglycerides (Collberg. 2009) |
The question that remained was: Is the same true for resistance training?
Since resistance exercise (RE) has a more pronounced long(er)-lasting effect on ones metabolism than aerobic training, the researchers from the University of Missouri tested the hypothesis that post-dinner RE, compared to pre-dinner RE, would in fact be more effective at improving two clinically important postprandial risk factors (glucose and 109 TAG) for CVD at a time of day when they are typically highest in obese patients with type-2 diabetes.
The standardized test workout consisted of the following exercises (in this order): leg press, seated calf raises, seated chest flyes, seated back flyes, back extensions, shoulder raises, leg curls, and abdominal crunches. All exercises were performed for three sets (1-2 min rest between sets) of 10-repetitions for each RE. During this session, the first set for each exercise was a warm-up set and the weight used was 50% of the participants 10-RM. After the warm-up set, the weight for the next two sets was the participants previously determined 10-RM.
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| Figure 2: Postrandial lipid response in the obese type II diabetics (Heden. 2014) |
Similar effects were observed for the insulin and glucose responses (see Figure 3) which were significantly improved and should thus complement the beneficial effects of the reduced triglyceride and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) levels.
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| Figure 3: Changes in postprandial insulin and glucose levels (Heden. 2014) |
In view of the fact that most diabetics dont work at all, I am 100% convinced that the results of the study at hand have zero practical significance - even I wouldnt go work out after dinner only to lie in bed hungrily, thereafter, And if I did, I would raid the fridge later at night - certainly not a practice thats heart healthier than working out before dinner.
Speaking of which: Working out before dinner would also mean working out after lunch and could thus effectively help the increase in triglycerides and glucose after lunch. Not too bad either, right? | Comment on Facebook!
- Colberg, Sheri R., et al. "Postprandial walking is better for lowering the glycemic effect of dinner than pre-dinner exercise in type 2 diabetic individuals." Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 10.6 (2009): 394-397.
- Dalgaard, Marian, Claus Thomsen, and Kjeld Hermansen. "Effects of one single bout of low-intensity exercise on postprandial lipaemia in type 2 diabetic men." British Journal of Nutrition 92.03 (2004): 469-476.
- Gill, Jason MR, et al. "Effect of prior moderate exercise on postprandial metabolism in men with type 2 diabetes: heterogeneity of responses." Atherosclerosis 194.1 (2007): 134-143.
- Heden, Timothy D., et al. "Post-dinner resistance exercise improves postprandial risk factors more effectively than pre-dinner resistance exercise in patients with type 2 diabetes."
Journal of Applied Physiology (2014). Ahead of print. - Krook, Anna, et al. "Reduction of risk factors following lifestyle modification programme in subjects with type 2 (non?insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus." Clinical physiology and functional imaging 23.1 (2003): 21-30.
- OGorman, Donal J., and Anna Krook. "Exercise and the treatment of diabetes and obesity." Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America 37.4 (2008): 887-903.
- Tobin, L. W. L., Bente Kiens, and Henrik Galbo. "The effect of exercise on postprandial lipidemia in type 2 diabetic patients." European journal of applied physiology 102.3 (2008): 361-370.
- van Dijk, Jan-Willem, et al. "Exercise and 24-h glycemic control: equal effects for all type 2 diabetic patients?." Medicine and science in sports and exercise (2012).
Monday, March 7, 2016
Show Post Title before Blog Title in Search Results
If youre using blogger for your blog then you may notice search engines show your Blog Title first instead of Post Title. Certainly this will affect the flow of visitors in your site. Because when someone is searching for a topic he would like to click on the site that matches his search words. But if your blog title appears first then the visitors may skip your site!
Today Im gonna discuss about how can you optimize the issue of blog title and post title in search result. And remember, this trick is for blogger only. Before you start, look at the image below:
What do you see here? A search topic like that- Cell phone quality using IMEI. Also look at the first 2 results. The first one showing- How to Check Cell Phones Quality Using IMEI. The second one showing- Tips n Tricks: How to Check Cell Phones Quality Using IMEI.
In the second search result the Blog Name Appears first. Tips n Tricks doesnt match the search result.
But in the first result you notice that Marks PC Solution appears first. But blog name is not showing first. Rather you can see the Post Name. So which one should you visit as a visitor? Certainly the first link.
Now follow the simple instructions below to apply this on your blogger site.
- Sign in to your blogger account and go to the Dashboard or Design.
- Now go to the Template option and Click on Edit HTML. (Please Backup your template if youre a beginner)
- You will see the Template window. Press Ctrl + F and type the red colored code in the search box to find it: <title><data:blog.pageTitle/></title>
- Now select the red marked code and replace it with the following code:
<b:if cond=data:blog.pageType == "item"><title><data:blog.pageName/> | <data:blog.title/></title> <b:else/><title><data:blog.pageTitle/></title></b:if>
Youre almost done! Now save the template and close it.
You may not be able to see the effect immediately. Because search engines might require few days to update their databases or crawl your blog. However you can see the effect immediately in your browsers tab. Hope it will boost your sites traffic. And certainly it will be helpful for SEO too.
Stay with Marks PC Solution to get more interesting IT topics!
Sunday, February 28, 2016
Study Confirms Acute Post Exercise Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis Is Not Correlated with Resistance Training Induced Muscle Hypertrophy in Young Men
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| FSR ? more muscle = no news for ya! |
And yes, practically speaking these findings imply that we have to question the real world significance of all the neat studies on the "superior muscle building effects" of whey protein, BCAAs and even more so leucine, in which the authors base their recommendations on acute increases in post-exercise protein synthesis.
Dont worry, you have not been "wheysting" your money: While there is a paucity of data to confirm the long(er) term muscle building effects of isolated amino acids (EAA, BCAA and leucine), there is plenty of data from 6-12 week human trials to support the pro-anabolic effects of whey protein. What we dont have, though is evidence to support the notion that the long-term muscle building effects are as superior to those of other protein sources (e.g. casein) as the increases in acute protein synthesis would suggest.
In the corresponding experiment that was funded by the National Science and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada Cameron J. Mitchell et al. determined whether the acute myofibrillar protein synthesis measured acutely in training-naive subjects after their first bout of resistance exercise with protein consumption would correlate with the actual increase in muscle size after 16 weeks of resistance training. |
| Suggested read: "Protein Intake & Muscle Catabolism: Fasting Gnaws on Your Muscle Tissue and Abundance Causes Wastefulness " | more |
After all baseline measurements (including baseline muscle protein synthesis) were recorded, the subjects completed 16 weeks of RT while ingesting a protein rich beverage (30g of the same whey protein of which Burd et al. showed in 2012 that it elicits a higher increase in MPS than casein) immediately after their exercise session and with breakfast on non-training days.
"Briefly, participants trained four times weekly with two upper and two lower body workouts. Lower body exercises are described above in the acute exercise session. Upper body exercises consisted of chest press, shoulder press, seated row, lat pulldown, bicep curl and tricep extension. The program was progressive in linear manner moving from 3 sets of 12 repetitions to 4 sets of 6 repetitions. At the end of the training period, MRI, DXA scans and strength testing were repeated." (Mitchell. 2014)If you look at the above description of the workout (and supplementation regimen) you will probably agree that this is pretty much what the majority of resistance physique oriented gym-goers do.
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| Figure 1: Myofibrillar fractional protein synthesis rate (left) measured acutely after a single workout and changes in muscle volume (%) over the whole 16-week study period as a function of the 1-6h post-workout FSR (Mitchell. 2014). |
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| Figure 2: Changes in muscle volume (%) expressed relative to acute increases in 4E-BP (Mitchell. 2014). |
After thinking about the implications of these findings for a minute, I do yet have to admit that the assumption that this would refute the previously invoked recommendations completely, is probably premature.
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| SuppVersity Suggested Read: "Protein Wheysting?! No Significant Increase in PWO Protein Synthesis W/ 40g vs. 20g Whey, But 100% Higher Insulin, 340% More Urea & 52x Higher Oxidative Amino Acid "Loss" | more |
The statement "though shalt not make qualitative predictions about long(er) term muscle gains based on acute FSR measurements", on the other hand, would yet be unwarranted and is probably incorrect. We do after all have more than enough evidence that increases in post-workout protein synthesis will (sooner or later) result increases in muscle size. The fact that we cannot predict the extent of long(er) term hypertophy effects based on measuring acute changes in FSR does not imply that these changes would not matter at all. It does only mean that we have to be careful about overestimating the real-world effects of differences in protein synthesis between training modalities and supplements, even if they are statistically significant in the hours after a workout.
- Burd, Nicholas A., et al. "Greater stimulation of myofibrillar protein synthesis with ingestion of whey protein isolate v. micellar casein at rest and after resistance exercise in elderly men." British Journal of Nutrition 108.06 (2012): 958-962.
Sunday, February 14, 2016
Add Facebook Like Send Button After Each Post Title!
Earlier I showed How to Add a Pop Out Facebook Like Box in Side Bar. And in this post Im gonna show how to add the Facebook like and send button after each post title. All youve to do is just add a small code in your blog template.
If you do this, it will be easier to share your blog post with your friends. And you can also post it in your wall without visiting your page! And it will also allow you to share posts by email IDs of your friends. So you shouldnt miss this trick.
- Sign in into your blogger account.
- Then go to Design > Template > Edit Html. (Backup your template if youre new user)
- Check the box Expand Widget Template.
- Press Ctrl+F and search for <data:post.body/>
- Now copy and paste the following code before <data:post.body/>
- Now save your template and see the result!
<div id="fb-root"></div><script src="http://connect.facebook.net/en_US/all.js#xfbml=1"></script><fb:like href="" send="true" layout="button_count" width="500" show_faces="false" font=""></fb:like>
NB: This code may be worked for any other websites other than blogger. Just copy and paste the code in the perfect place.
You can customize this code too-
- If you place this code after <data:post.body/> this tag then the like and send button will be displayed after the blog post rather than the title.
- Look at the the width="500". You can change the size too. You can use 450 or 550 instead of 500.
Stay with Marks PC Solution to get more interesting IT topics!
Sunday, January 17, 2016
3g Taurine Improve Post Workout Glycogen Resynthesis Protect the Testes of Doping Sinners Battles Alzheimers
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| Taurine - A useful supplement for chemical, natural athletes and even sedentary slobs who are afraid of diabetes. |
You can learn more about taurine & other amino acids at the SuppVersity
Taurine Pumps Up Strength & Recovery?
Taurine Improves Insulin + Glucose Metabolism
Taurine ? 180% Testosterone Increase
Taurine + BCAA Work Hand in Hand
43% Reduced Performance W/ BCAAs
BCAA Neurotransmitter Depletion
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| Figure 1: Improvement in spatial and hippocampal learning behaviours in taurine-treated transgenic mice. 7-month old wild-type (Wt) and agematched APP/PS1 transgenic (Tg) male mice were orally administered water or taurine (1,000 mg/kg/day) for 6 weeks (n 5 8–10 per group). After 6 weeks, behavioural tests were administered to the 8.5-month old mice. (Left) Y-maze. Average alternation (%) of each group of mice was calculated. (Right) Passive avoidance. Average latency time in seconds for each group of mice was measured (Kim. 2014). |
But taurine gives me diarrhea! If it does try taking it with a meal that will greatly reduce the risk of having to rush to the toilette and should not reduce the physiological benefits significantly. At least for the muscular effects its unlikely that it will matter at all. For the beneficial effects on the brain, it may be necessary to achieve higher serum peak levels. In view of the fact that the rodents in the aforementioned study by Menzie et al. received the taurine in the drinking water, even this is yet unlikely. If the taurine "goes right through", though, its certainly not going to help you ;-)
In a recent review in the scientific journal Amino Acids review, Janet Menzie et al. describe the mode of action of taurine and its clinical application in the neurological diseases: Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease and conclude that taurine..."[...] functions through multiple neuroprotective mechanisms: regulation of cellular osmolarity , anti-oxidant, neuromodulator of GABAergic transmission, maintenance of calcium homeostasis, inhibition of glutamate excitotoxicity, attenuation of endoplasmic reticulum stress, modulation of mitochondrial pore permeability, downregulation of a range of proapoptotic proteins while upregulating anti-apoptotic proteins and downregulation of inflammatory mediators." (Menzie. 2014)Moroever, Menzie et al. believe that there is "strong evidence" of the existence of a specific taurine receptor, which is activated exclusively by taurine, but not by structurally similar amino acids such as glutamate, GABA and glycine and could be responsible for many of the beneficial effects taurine exerts in the context of central nervous system disorders. More specifically existing evidence clearly suggests protective effects in Alzheimer’s, Parkinson and Huntington diseases. Three pathologies that share a number of broad mechanisms: Oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, excitotoxicity, calcium imbalance, inflammatory changes apoptosis - and *tadaa* a reduced level of (Arai. 1985; Alom. 1991; Molina. 1997).
Enough of the health stuff, what about the post-workout goodness?
I know, as long as we are healthy we dont really care about debilitating central nervous system disorders... well, ok. I will spare you my moral pointing finger and get straight to the similarly unsurprising results of a recent study from the University of Tokyo. A study which clearly indicates that the provision of taurine after workouts can lead to a significant enhancement of the already elevated glycogen synthesis after your workouts.
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| Figure 2: Muscle and liver glycogen and serum free fatty acids (FFA) before and after the workout (Takahashi. 2014). |
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| Figure 3: AUC for glucose after for 60min and 120min after the ingestion of the taurine + glucose solution. As the data indicates taurine helped to "clear" the sugar from the blood stream (Takahashi. 2014). |
an acceleration of glucose uptake, and
Figure 4: Changes in general oxidative damage (TBARs), protein damage and exercise performance in response to taurine vs. placebo vs. bet alanine supplementation; expressed relative to untrained control (Dawson. 2002). - an increase in fat oxidation
- the attenuation of exercise-induced DNA damage during workouts (young men | Zhang. 2004),
- the amelioration of cytotoxic (cell damaging) effects of exercise (rodents | Dawson. 2002),
- an increase in exercise performance (specifically endurance ex. | Dawson. 2002; Miyazaki. 2004),
- additional effects on the benefits of BCAA intake for the delayed-onset muscle soreness and muscle damage induced by high-intensity eccentric exercise (Ra. 2013),
- an improvement in osmoregulation (water balance) of the muscle (Cuisinier. 2002), and
- decreases in oxidative stress during eccentric exercises (Silva. 2011)
And there are more benefits - health benefits, for juicers and non-juicers
The former, i.e. the juicers will probably be happy to hear that taurine does not just have liver protective effects (Miyazaki. 2005), but will also reverse the nandrolone decanoate induced perturbations in sperm characteristics, normalize the serum testosterone level, and restore the activities of the key steroidogenic enzymes in rodents that are treated with nandrolone and taurine (at a dosage equivalent to only 1.3g/day | Ahmed. 2014).
In spite of the fact that the administration of taurine did also prevent the nandrolone decanoate-induced testicular toxicity and DNA damage by virtue of its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects, I would like to point out that this article is not intended as an incentive for nandrolone doping.
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| While taurine is not made from the sperm of Belgian Blues it may still boost your testosterone levels - whether thats going to be by 140% as in this study is questionable, though. |
- Ahmed, Maha AE. "Amelioration of Nandrolone Decanoate-Induced Testicular and Sperm Toxicity in Rats by Taurine: Effects on Steroidogenesis, Redox and Inflammatory Cascades, and Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway." Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (2014).
- Alom, J., et al. "Cerebrospinal fluid taurine in Alzheimers disease." Annals of neurology 30.5 (1991): 735-735.
- Arai, Heii, et al. "A preliminary study of free amino acids in the postmorten temporal cortex from Alzheimer-type dementia patients." Neurobiology of aging 5.4 (1985): 319-321.
- Carneiro, Everardo M., et al. "Taurine supplementation modulates glucose homeostasis and islet function." The Journal of nutritional biochemistry 20.7 (2009): 503-511.
- Cuisinier, Claire, et al. "Role of taurine in osmoregulation during endurance exercise." European journal of applied physiology 87.6 (2002): 489-495.
- Dawson Jr, R., et al. "The cytoprotective role of taurine in exercise-induced muscle injury." Amino acids 22.4 (2002): 309-324.
- Franconi, Flavia, et al. "Taurine supplementation and diabetes mellitus." Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care 9.1 (2006): 32-36.
- Haber, C. Andrew, et al. "N-acetylcysteine and taurine prevent hyperglycemia-induced insulin resistance in vivo: possible role of oxidative stress." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 285.4 (2003): E744-E753.
- Han, Jin, et al. "Taurine increases glucose sensitivity of UCP2-overexpressing ?-cells by ameliorating mitochondrial metabolism." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 287.5 (2004): E1008-E1018.
- Kim, Hye Yun, et al. "Taurine in drinking water recovers learning and memory in the adult APP/PS1 mouse model of Alzheimers disease." Scientific Reports 4 (2014).
- Menzie, Janet, et al. "Taurine and central nervous system disorders." Amino acids 46.1 (2014): 31-46.
- Miyazaki, T., et al. "Optimal and effective oral dose of taurine to prolong exercise performance in rat." Amino Acids 27.3-4 (2004): 291-298.
- Miyazaki, Teruo, et al. "Taurine inhibits oxidative damage and prevents fibrosis in carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic fibrosis." Journal of hepatology 43.1 (2005): 117-125.
- Molina, José A., et al. "Decreased cerebrospinal fluid levels of neutral and basic amino acids in patients with Parkinsons disease." Journal of the neurological sciences 150.2 (1997): 123-127.
- Nakaya, Yutaka, et al. "Taurine improves insulin sensitivity in the Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rat, a model of spontaneous type 2 diabetes." The American journal of clinical nutrition 71.1 (2000): 54-58.
- Oudit, Gavin Y., et al. "Taurine supplementation reduces oxidative stress and improves cardiovascular function in an iron-overload murine model." Circulation 109.15 (2004): 1877-1885.
- Rahman, Mizanur M., et al. "Taurine prevents hypertension and increases exercise capacity in rats with fructose-induced hypertension." American journal of hypertension 24.5 (2011): 574-581.
- Saad, Sherif Y., and Ammar C. Al-Rikabi. "Protection effects of taurine supplementation against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats." Chemotherapy 48.1 (2010): 42-48.
- Silva, Luciano A., et al. "Taurine supplementation decreases oxidative stress in skeletal muscle after eccentric exercise." Cell biochemistry and function 29.1 (2011): 43-49.
- Takahashi, Yumiko, et al. "Post-exercise taurine administration enhances glycogen repletion in tibialis anterior muscle." The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine 3.5 (2014): 531-537.
- Zhang, M., et al. "Role of taurine supplementation to prevent exercise-induced oxidative stress in healthy young men." Amino acids 26.2 (2004): 203-207.
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